instancing

Drawing many copies of the same shape in a single GPU command instead of one command per copy.

Rendering thousands of identical objects (trees, particles, characters) one at a time floods the GPU with repetitive commands. Instancing sends the geometry once plus a list of per-copy differences (position, color, scale), so the GPU stamps out every copy in one call. This slashes CPU-to-GPU overhead and is a standard technique in modern graphics APIs like Vulkan.